Challenging China’s dominance in Africa’s tech sector was one of the key takeaways from this month’s Europe-Africa summit and a key component of the EU’s Global Gateway infrastructure agenda. But it’s not going to be easy given the enormous breadth of Chinese technology engagement in Africa that goes back decades.

Western governments are going to find it even more difficult to compete in this market given the rapid expansion of Chinese corporate activity in Africa’s digital sector. University of Tampere researcher Motolani Agbebi mapped out the scope of that challenge in a new paper published in February on the Council on Foreign Relations website that details Africa’s role in China’s Digital Silk Road agenda.